1 Introduction to Physiology /1
1.1　 Organization of the Body /2
1.2　 Fundamental Characteristics of Living Organisms/ 7
1.3　 The Internal Environment and Homeostasis /8
2 The Cell: Structure and Function /16
2.1　 Cell Structure /17
2.2　 Cell-to-Cell Adhesions /19
2.3　 General Cell Functions /21
3 Cell Membrane Transport /23
3.1　 Factors Affecting the Direction of Transport /24
3.2　 Rate of Transport/ 30
3.3　 Passive Transport /31
3.4　 Active Transport /36
3.5　 Osmosis: Passive Transport of Water Across Membranes/ 40
3.6　 Transport of Material Within Membrane-Bound Compartments /44
3.7　 Epithelial Transport: Movement of Molecules Across Two Membranes/ 46
4 Chemical Messengers /52
4.1　 Mechanisms of Intercellular Communication /53
4.2　 Chemical Messengers /54
4.3　 Signal Transduction Mechanisms /58
4.4　 Long-Distance Communication via the Nervous and Endocrine Systems/ 68
5 Nerve Cells and Electrical Signaling /72
5.1　 Overview of the Nervous System /73
5.2　 Cells of the Nervous System /74
5.3　 Establishment of the Resting Membrane Potential /79
5.4　 Electrical Signaling Through Changes in Membrane Potential/ 85
5.5　 Maintaining Neural Stability/ 96
6 Synaptic Transmission and Neural Integration /100
6.1　 Electrical Synapses /101
6.2　 Chemical Synapses /101
6.3　 Neural Integration /107
6.4　 Presynaptic Modulation 109
6.5　 Neurotransmitters: Structure,Synthesis, and Degradation /110
7 The Nervous System: Central Nervous System /120
7.1　 General Anatomy of the Central Nervous System /121
7.2　 The Spinal Cord /129
7.3　 The Brain /133
7.4　 Integrated CNS Function: Involuntary Movement Through Reflexes /140
7.5　 Integrated CNS Function: Voluntary Motor Control /142
7.6　 Integrated CNS Function:Language /146
7.7　 Integrated CNS Function: Sleep /147
7.8　 Integrated CNS Function: Emotions and Motivation /150
7.9　 Integrated CNS Function: Learning and Memory /151
8 The Nervous System: Sensory System /158
8.1　 General Principles of Sensory Physiology /159
8.2　 The Somatosensory System /166
8.3　 Vision /174
8.4　 The Ear and Hearing /189
8.5　 The Ear and Equilibrium /196
8.6　 Taste /200
8.7　 Olfaction /201
9 The Nervous System: Autonomic and Motor Systems /208
9.1　 The Autonomic Nervous System /209
9.2　 The Somatic Nervous System /221
10 Muscle Physiology /227
10.1　 Skeletal Muscle Structure /228
10.2　 The Mechanism of Force Generation in Muscle /232
10.3　 The Mechanics of Skeletal Muscle Contraction /236
10.4　 Control of Skeletal Muscle Activity /245
10.5　 Smooth and Cardiac Muscle /248
11 The Cardiovascular System:Cardiac Function /256
11.1　 An Overview of the Cardiovascular System /257
11.2　 The Path of Blood Flow Through the Heart and Vasculature /259
11.3　 Anatomy of the Heart /262
11.4　 Electrical Activity of the Heart /264
11.5　 The Cardiac Cycle /273
11.6　 Cardiac Output and Its Control /278
12 The Cardiovascular System:Blood Vessels, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure /291
12.1　 Physical Laws Governing Blood Flow and Blood Pressure /292
12.2　 Overview of the Vasculature/295
12.3　 Arteries /295
12.4　 Arterioles /299
12.5　 Capillaries and Venules /307
12.6　 Veins /313
12.7　 The Lymphatic System /316
12.8　 Mean Arterial Pressure and Its Regulation /316
12.9　 Other Cardiovascular Regulatory Processes /324
13 The Cardiovascular System:Blood /330
13.1　 Overview of the Composition of Blood: The Hematocrit /331
13.2　 Plasma /332
13.3　 Erythrocytes /332
13.4　 Leukocytes /337
13.5　 Platelets and Hemostasis /339
13.6　 Blood Groups and Transfusion /343
14 The Respiratory System:Pulmonary Ventilation /348
14.1　 Overview of Respiratory Function /349
14.2　 Anatomy of the Respiratory System /349
14.3　 Forces for Pulmonary Ventilation /357
14.4　 Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation /362
14.5　 Clinical Significance of Respiratory Volumes and Air Flows /366
15 The Respiratory System: Gas Exchange and Regulation of Breathing /373
15.1　 Overview of the Pulmonary Circulation /374
15.2　 Diffusion of Gases/ 375
15.3　 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide /379
15.4　 Transport of Gases in the Blood /382
15.5　 Central Regulation of Ventilation /388
15.6　 Control of Ventilation by Chemoreceptors /392
15.7　 Local Regulation of Ventilation and Perfusion /395
15.8　 The Respiratory System in Acid-Base Homeostasis /397
16 The Urinary System: Renal Function /403
16.1　 Functions of the Urinary System /404
16.2　 Anatomy of the Urinary System /405
16.3　 Basic Renal Exchange Processes /409
16.4　 Regional Specialization of the Renal Tubules /418
16.5　 Excretion /419
17 The Urinary System: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance /429
17.1　 The Concept of Balance/ 430
17.2　 Water Balance/ 431
17.3　 Sodium Balance/ 441
17.4　 Potassium Balance/ 445
17.5　 Calcium Balance /446
17.6　 Interactions Between Fluid and Electrolyte Regulation /449
17.7　 Acid-Base Balance/ 450
18 The Gastrointestinal System /456
18.1　 Overview of Gastrointestinal System Processes /457
18.2　 Functional Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal System /457
18.3　 Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients and Water/ 469
18.4　 General Principles of Gastrointestinal Regulation /477
18.5　 Gastrointestinal Secretion and Its Regulation /480
18.6　 Gastrointestinal Motility and Its Regulation/ 483
19 The Endocrine System: Endocrine Glands and Hormone Actions /491
19.1　 Primary Endocrine Organs/ 493
19.2　 Secondary Endocrine Organs /499
19.3　 Hormone Actions at the Target Cell/ 500
19.4　 Abnormal Secretion of Hormones /503
19.5　 Hormone Interactions /504
20 The Endocrine System: Regulation of Energy Metabolism and Growth /508
20.1　 An Overview of Whole-Body Metabolism /509
20.2　 Energy Intake, Utilization, and Storage /509
20.3　 Energy Balance /511
20.4　 Energy Metabolism During the Absorptive and Postabsorptive States /513
20.5　 Regulation of Absorptive and Postabsorptive Metabolism /516
20.6　 Thermoregulation/ 520
20.7　 Hormonal Regulation of Growth /523
20.8　 Thyroid Hormones /528
20.9　 Glucocorticoids /530
21 The Reproductive System/536
21.1　 An Overview of Reproductive Physiology /537
21.2　 The Male Reproductive System/ 543
21.3　 The Female Reproductive System/ 551
21.4　 Fertilization, Implantation, and Pregnancy /560
21.5　 Parturition and Lactation /566
Answers/ 573
Appendix/ 581
Suggested Readings and Websites /583
Index/ 585