《中国改革开放四十年简史（英）》：
3.Redressing the Wrongs and Setting Things Right in the Fields of Science, Education and Culture
During the ten-year-long Cultural Revolution, Lin Biao and the Jiang Qing counter-revolutionary clique created large numbers of cases in which people were unjustly, falsely, or wrongly charged. Before the Cultural Revolution, the "Left" tendency in the Party's ideological guidelines gave continuous rise to political campaigns which had also created a number of such cases. These unjust, false and wrong cases not only politically depressed both the Party and the people for a long time, but also caused serious consequences. To reverse the unjust verdicts made since the founding of the PRC - especially during the Cultural Revolution-and to rehabilitate large numbers of innocent victims was one of the most pressing tasks facing the Party and the government after the downfall of the Gang of Four.
Two months after the smashing of the Gang of Four, the CPC Central Committee announced in a circular, "AII those who have been arrested merely on charges of opposition to the Gang of Four should be set free; the cases that have been placed on File for investigation on such charges should be withdrawn; investigations on such charges should be stopped; people who have been sentenced to imprisonment on such charges should be released; and people who have been expelled from the Communist Party or the Communist Youth League on such charges should be reinstated."
In December 1977, the CPC Central Committee appointed Hu Yaobang as director of its Organization Department, After assuming his post, Hu-supported by Deng Xiaoping and other comrades - acted on the Party's principles of seeking truth from facts and redressing wrongs whenever discovered, and conducted a great deal of investigations with a sense of political and historical responsibility, thus bringing about a new situation in which the Party's policies regarding officials were carried out and unjust, false and wrong charges were repudiated.
Between February and April, 1978 - directed by Hu Yaobang-the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee held six "Seminars on Difficult Cases" with persons in charge of personnel from 28 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, and 22 central government institutions to discuss about 200 cases. During the discussion, Hu Yaobang posed four requirements for the implementation of policies on officials： First, conclusions should be made as soon as possible on officials whose cases were still under investigation and incorrect conclusions for such cases should be corrected in a practical and realistic way; second, work should be assigned as quickly as possible to those who had the ability to work, and proper arrangement should be made with regard to those who were aged or in poor health; third, impartial conclusions should be made on those who had passed away and follow-up work should be done properly; fourth, family members and children who had gotten involved should be addressed properly. The overall approach should be practical and realistic, adhering to the mass line. By the end of 1978, a large number of unjust, false and erroneous cases from the central to local levels had been redressed. The Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee had re-examined and redressed such cases involving more than 130 officials at the vice-ministerial level or above. These efforts laid an important foundation for large-scale rehabilitation of such cases after the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee.
In a sense, the Cultural Revolution was a "revolution against culture". Therefore, science, education and culture were the worst hit Fields during the Culture Revolution. After he had resumed work at the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee, Deng Xiaoping offered to undertake the work of science and education. Thanks to his leading role, order was First restored in these Fields. The resumption of college entrance examinations marked the beginning of putting things in order in education. The implementation of this policy "shook the country, and evoked a strong reaction in various fronts and all walks of life.
In the winter of 1977, about 5.7 million examinees took part in college entrance examinations; 278,000 were later enrolled at colleges and universities. In the summer of 1978, 6.1 million examinees took part in these examinations, and 402,000 were enrolled. Simultaneously with the resumption of college entrance examinations, the post-graduate education enrollment which had been suspended for 12 years was also restored.
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