Contents
Acknowledgments lxxvii
Introduction to the third edition lxxx
Part I Major trends in twentieth-century language teaching 1
1 A brief history of early developments in language teaching 3
2 The nature of approaches and methods in language teaching 24
3 The Oral Approach and Situational Language Teaching 54
4 The Audiolingual Method 71
Part II Current approaches and methods 99
5 Communicative Language Teaching 101
6 Content-Based Instruction and Content and Language
Integrated Learning (CLIL) 142
7 Whole Language 171
8 Competency-Based Language Teaching， standards， and the
Common European Framework of Reference 185
9 Task-Based Language Teaching 216
10 Text-Based Instruction 249
11 The Lexical Approach 267
12 Multiple Intelligences 286
13 Cooperative Language Learning 303
Part III Alternative twentieth-century approaches and methods 321
14 The Natural Approach 323
15 Total Physical Response 344
16 The Silent Way 358
17 Community Language Learning 376
18 Suggestopedia 394
Part IV The teaching and learning environment 409
19？Learners， approaches， and methods 411
20？Teachers， approaches， and methods 431
21？Approaches， methods， and the curriculum 454
22？Postscript 477
Appendix： Comparison of approaches and methods 484
Author index 497
Subject index 501
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