莫娜·贝克（Mona Baker）：英国曼彻斯特大学翻译研究名誉教授，中国上海交通大学贝克翻译与跨文化研究中心主任，国际翻译与跨文化研究协会创始副主席。

List of figures  xxvi

List of tables  xxvii

Preface to the second edition  xxviii

Preface to the first edition  xxx

Acknowledgements  xxxii

Credits  xxxiii

1 Introduction  1

1.1 About the organization of this book  4

1.2 Examples, back-translations and the languages of illustration  6

Suggestions for further reading  8

Note  9

2 Equivalence at word level  10

2.1 The word in different languages  10

2.2 Lexical meaning  12

2.3 The problem of non-equivalence  16

Exercises  46

Suggestions for further reading  49

Notes  50

3 Equivalence above word level  53

3.1 Collocation  54

3.2 Idioms and fixed expressions  69

Exercises  87

Suggestions for further reading  91

Notes  92

4 Grammatical equivalence  94

4.1 Grammatical versus lexical categories  95 

4.2 The diversity of grammatical categories across languages  97 

4.3 A brief note on word order  123 

4.4 Introducing text  123

Exercises  126

Suggestions for further reading  130

Notes  131

5 Textual equivalence: thematic and information structures  134 

5.1 A Hallidayan overview of information flow  136 

5.2 The Prague School position on information flow: functional sentence perspective  173

Exercises  184

Suggestions for further reading  189

Notes  191

6 Textual equivalence: cohesion  194 

6.1 Reference  194

6.2 Substitution and ellipsis  200 

6.3 Conjunction  204 

6.4 Lexical cohesion  215

Exercises  228 

Suggestions for further reading  232

Notes  233 

7 Pragmatic equivalence  235 

7.1 Coherence  235 

7.2 Coherence and processes of interpretation: implicature  239 

7.3 Coherence, implicature and translation strategies  244

Exercises  268 

Suggestions for further reading  275

Notes  276 

8 Semiotic equivalence  279 

8.1 Semiotic resources and semiotic regimes  281 

8.2 Creative deployment of semiotic resources  288 

8.3 Translating semiotically complex material  292

Exercises  299

Suggestions for further reading  305

Notes  305

9 Beyond equivalence: ethics and morality  307

9.1 Ethics and morality  308

9.2 Professionalism, codes of ethics and the law  316

9.3 The ethical implications of linguistic choices  320

9.4 Concluding remarks  323

Exercises  324

Suggestions for further reading  330

Notes  331

Glossary  334

References  339

Name index  359

Language index  363

Subject index  365