艾伦·克鲁斯（Alan Cruse）曾是英国曼彻斯特大学的语言学高级讲师，讲授过语义学、语用学、心理语言学等课程，2001年退休；著有《词汇语义学》《语言的意义：语义学与语用学导论》等。

《语言的意义：语义学与语用学导论》是一本理想的关于语言意义的书。本书涉及语言意义的方方面面：从逻辑意义到语用意义，从词汇意义到语法意义，从形式研究到功能研究，从传统观念到认知思路……语义现象的各方面内容，本书均有探讨。读者可以在这一本书中找到所有关于意义的研究。

Typographic conventions xliii
From the preface to the first edition xlv
Preface to the second edition xlvii
Preface to the third edition xlix

Part 1 Fundamental Notions 1
1 Introduction 3
2 Logic and meaning 21
3 Concepts and meaning 51

Part 2 Words and Meanings 71
4 Lexical units 73
5 Contextual variability of word meaning 97
6 Paradigmatic relations of inclusion and identity 127
7 Paradigmatic relations of exclusion and opposition 149
8 Lexical hierarchies 165
9 Syntagmatic semantic relations 177
10 Describing lexical senses 1： dimensions and structures 193
11 Describing lexical senses 2： approaches to the
specification of word meaning 211
12 Extensions of meaning 237

Part 3 Grammatical Meaning 263
13 Grammatical meaning；nouns and noun phrases 265
14 Argument structure 279
15 Verbs and adjectives 295
16 Prepositions 319
17 Derivational affixes 343

Part 4 Pragmatics 359
18 Speech acts 361
19 Reference and deixis 379
20 Conversational implicatures 411

Epilogue 447
Answers to questions 451
References 469
Author index 479
Subject index 482